Instructional Design Models
EDUA 6375 - Foundations of Educational Technology
Technology has become an essential part of our lives, transforming how we live, work, and communicate. Technology can be a valuable tool in education to enhance teaching and learning. Therefore, it is essential for educators to have a framework that guides them in incorporating technology into their teaching practices. Below, you will find the different models that can be implemented for technology integration in education, including SAMR, TPACK, ADDIE, and ARCS.
SAMR
What is SAMR? SAMR stands for Substitution, Augmentation, Modification, and Redefinition. As mentioned in the article "A Case Study of the Application of SAMR and TPACK for Reflection on Technology Integration into Two Social Studies Classrooms" by Hilton (2016), SAMR was developed by Dr. Ruben Puentedura. He explained that "SAMR is meant to '...facilitate the acquisition of proficiency in modern consumer technologies and software for both staff and students with the hope of promoting 21-century skills...' (Cummings 2014)." The definitions as mentioned by Hilton (2016):
Substitution - Use of technology as a substitute for traditional teaching methods.
Augmentation - Technology can improve traditional teaching methods.
Modification - A redesign of traditional teaching methods using technology.
Redefinition - Creating new teaching methods that were previously impossible without technology.
By using the SAMR model, educators can ensure that they are using technology in the most effective way possible and that they are providing their students with the best possible learning experience.
TPACK
TPACK framework, created by Punya Mishra and Mathew Koehler (2009), stands for Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge. As Hilton (2013) mentioned, "TPACK is a unifying framework designed to bring together elements of content, pedagogy, and technology in a manner meant to assist teachers in delivering effective technology-infused instruction." In the article "What is Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge?" by Koehler and Mishra (2009) explained that the framework consists of three domains of knowledge:
Content Knowledge (CK) - Refers to the teachers' knowledge of the subject matter that is being taught.
Pedagogical Knowledge (PK) - Refers to the teachers' knowledge about the processes of teaching the subject matter.
Technological Knowledge (TK) - Refers to teachers' knowledge of how to use technology to enhance teaching and learning.
By combining these three knowledge domains, educators can create a personalized teaching strategy tailored to students' needs.
ADDIE
The ADDIE model stands for Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, and Evaluation. "It is an Instructional Design model that has withstood the test of time and use."(ADDIE Model - Information Technology, 2023) There are five phases that are used to design effective instructional materials:
Analysis - Identify the learning goals and the needs of the learners.
Design - Develop the instructional materials, including the content and the activities or exercises.
Development - Create the instructional materials, including the multimedia elements.
Implementation - Deliver the instructional materials to the learners.
Evaluation - Assess the instructional materials' effectiveness and make necessary improvements.
By following the ADDIE model, educators can ensure that their instructional materials are effective, engaging, and tailored to the needs of their learners.
ARCS
The ARCS model stands for Attention, Relevance, Confidence, and Satisfaction, is designed to help educators create engaging and effective instructional materials. According to John Keller (L, 2016), the four components of the ARCS model are:
Attention - Capture the learners' attention and create interest in the subject matter.
Relevance - Show the learners how the subject matter relates to their lives and goals to increase learner's motivation.
Confidence - Help the learners build confidence in their ability to learn.
Satisfaction - Provide the learners with a sense of satisfaction and accomplishment.
By using the ARCS model, educators can create instructional materials that are engaging, effective, and tailored to the needs of their learners.
Conclusion
As an educator, it is important to understand the various instructional design frameworks available. By using these frameworks, educators can create instructional materials that are engaging, effective, and tailored to the needs of their learners. These frameworks are a valuable resource for each educator.
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References
ADDIE Model - Information Technology. (2023, June 21). Information Technology. https://www.uwb.edu/it/addie
Hilton, J. T. (2016). A Case Study of the Application of SAMR and TPACK for Reflection on Technology Integration into Two Social Studies Classrooms. The Social Studies, 107(2), 68–73. https://doi.org/10.1080/00377996.2015.1124376
Koehler, M. J., & Mishra, P. (2009). What is technological pedagogical content knowledge? Contemporary Issues in Technology and Teacher Education, 9(1). https://citejournal.org/volume-9/issue-1-09/general/what-is-technological-pedagogicalcontent-knowledge
L, D. (2016, August 10). ARCS Model of Motivational Design Theories (Keller) - Learning Theories. Learning Theories. https://learning-theories.com/kellers-arcs-model-of-motivational-design.html
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